COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS
SUFFOLK, ss. SUPERIOR COURT
CIVIL ACTION
No. 2016-3082 BLS 1
WESTERN INVESTMENT LLC
vs.
DEUTSCHE MULTI-MARKET INCOME TRUST, DEUTSCHE STRATEGIC INCOME
TRUST and the individual trustees thereof1
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER ON DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS
This case presents a paradoxical claim by a shareholder against the trustees of two
companies for strictly adhering to the plain provisions of the companies’ by-laws with respect to
the election of board members. Plaintiff, Western Investment LLC, alleges that the application by
the trustees of a duly adopted by-law, in existence for seven years, was a breach of fiduciary duty.
For the reasons described below, Western’s complaint fails to state a valid claim. Defendants’
motion to dismiss must be granted.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the complaint, supplemented by documents referred to
in the complaint such as the declarations of trust and the by-laws of the two defendant
companies.2
1 Kenneth C. Froewiss, John W. Ballantine, Henry P. Becton, Jr., Dawn-Marie Driscoll,
Keith R. Fox, Paul K. Freemen, Richard J. Herring, William McClayton, Rebecca W. Rimel,
William N. Searcy, Jr., Jean Gleason Stromberg
2 Upon a motion to dismiss, the court is entitled to consider materials not appended to the
complaint, but referenced or relied upon in the complaint. See Harhen v. Brown, 431 Mass. 838,
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Western is a long-time shareholder in two closed-end investment funds, defendants
Duetsche Multi-Market Income Trust (“KMM”) and Duetsche Strategic Income Trust (“KST”).
Western purchased shares in KMM in 1997 and in KST in 2002. Western brings this action to
challenge the action of the trustees of the trusts in connection with the September 30, 2016, vote
of shareholders for the election of trustees.
KMM and KST are organized as Massachusetts business trusts. They are governed by
declarations of trust and by-laws that for all purposes relevant to this litigation are substantively
identical. The eleven individual defendants are trustees of the two trusts. They constitute the
board of trustees of both KMM and KST. The boards are divided into three classes of trustees.
Each class is elected for a three year term and the elections are staggered so that only one class of
trustees is up for election per year. In 2016, four seats on the board were up for election.
In the 2016 election, Western nominated a slate of four individuals to run against four
incumbent members of the board. With respect to both KMM and KST, the Western nominees
obtained more votes than the incumbent trustees. For the KMM election, in which 11.97 million,
or 53.47% of the 22.39 million outstanding shares were present and voting, the Western
nominees each obtained the vote of approximately 6.2 million shares, while the incumbents
received the vote of approximately 5.2 million shares. For the KST election, in which 2.37
million, or 54.39% of the 4.35 million outstanding shares were present and voting, the Western
nominees each obtained the vote of approximately 1.4 million shares, while the incumbents
received the vote of approximately 845,000 shares. Stated another way, the Western nominees
839-840 (2000), citing Shaw v. Digital Equip. Corp., 82 F.3d 1194, 1220 (1st Cir. 1996);
Marram v. Kobrick Offshore Fund, Ltd., 442 Mass. 43, 45 n.4 (2004).
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received the vote of approximately 28% of the outstanding shares of KMM and approximately
32% of the outstanding shares of KST. Because, however, the number of votes cast for either the
Western nominees or the incumbents did not constitute a majority of the total outstanding shares,
the boards of both trusts determined that the election did not produce a winner of the contested
seats. As a result, pursuant to a by-law requiring that an incumbent trustee remain in office until
the election of a successor, the incumbent trustees, who lost the plurality vote, remain in office.
In connection with the 2016 elections, Western notified the trustees that it intended to
nominate candidates for the four seats up for election and to present a shareholder proposal
recommending that the boards be declassified. The trusts and Western then conducted a proxy
contest in which each side solicited proxies from shareholders. In the proxy materials, the
shareholders were expressly informed that a majority of the shares outstanding and entitled to
vote was required to elect a member of the board of trustees.
The declarations of trust expressly authorize the trustees to adopt by-laws “not
inconsistent with the Declarations” and to amend or repeal by-laws relating to the rights or
powers of the shareholders. Declarations, Art. IV, § 2. In addition, the declarations state that
“[e]xcept when a larger vote is required by any provisions of . . . the By-Laws, the vote of a
majority of the Shares or Notes entitled to vote on a matter shall decide the matter and the vote of
a plurality of the Shares or Notes entitled to vote shall elect a Trustee.” Declarations, Art. V, § 3
(emphasis added). The declarations also provide that an incumbent trustee remains in office
“until the election and qualification of his successor, if any, elected at such meeting . . . .”
Declarations, Art. IV, § 1 (c).
In 2009, the trustees adopted § 2.11 of the by-laws for each trust entitled “Majority
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Voting for the Election of Trustees.” The section states, in full, that “A majority of the Shares
outstanding and entitled to vote on the matter shall elect a Trustee. A Trustee may be but need
not be a Shareholder.” This is referred to by Western in its complaint as the “majority of
outstanding” by-law. It is the application of this by-law to the 2016 election that Western alleges
was a breach of fiduciary duty by the trustees.
Western did not challenge the adoption of the majority of outstanding by-law when it was
adopted in 2009 or, apparently, when it was applied in annual elections in 2010, 2011, 2012,
2013, 2014 and 2015. Western alleges, however, that 2016 was the first election of trustees that
was contested. Western points out that in uncontested elections a rule of the New York Stock
Exchange allows brokers to cast votes for their clients, such that obtaining a vote of the majority
of outstanding is feasible to attain. But in a contested election, Western avers, brokers may not,
pursuant to New York Stock Exchange rules, vote the shares of their clients. As a result, Western
says a vote of the majority of outstanding in a contested election is “nearly impossible” to
achieve because of the difficulty of obtaining proxies. Complaint, ¶s 4, 32. Thus, Western claims
that “[a]pplication of the ‘majority of outstanding’ bylaw to contested elections discriminates
only against the election of shareholder nominees.” Complaint, ¶ 31. Further, the application by
the trustees of the majority of outstanding by-law to a contested election is alleged to be a
“blatant and improper entrenchment.” Complaint, ¶ 5.
By letter dated September 27, 2016, Western communicated a demand to the boards. The
letter demanded that the boards not apply the majority of outstanding by-law to the 2016 election
and threatened that if the boards refused to comply with the demand then the individual trustees
would be in breach of their fiduciary duties. The boards did not reply to the demand before the
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September 30, 2016, annual meeting. The annual meeting vote results were certified by the
inspector of elections on October 4, 2016. The boards effectively rejected the demand by failing
to seat the Western nominees. On October 5, 2016, Western commenced this action.
Western’s complaint asserts five counts. The principal claim (Count 1) is that the
defendant trustees breached a fiduciary duty of loyalty to the trusts and to the shareholders by
applying the majority of outstanding by-law. In Count 2, Western alleges that applying the bylaw
violates an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing inherent in the declarations and bylaws.
Count 3 avers that the majority of outstanding by-law is “unconscionable as applied to a
contested election for trustees.” Complaint, ¶ 55. Count 4 asserts that the trustees’ conduct is a
violation “of the 40 Act.” Complaint, ¶ 62. Count 5 does not assert a cause of action but, instead,
requests injunctive relief by an order declaring that the majority of outstanding by-law “cannot be
applied to the contested election at the 2016 annual meeting of shareholders.” Complaint, ¶ 66.
Defendants move to dismiss all counts for failure to state a claim.
DISCUSSION
A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted under
Mass. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) permits “prompt resolution of a case where the allegations in the
complaint clearly demonstrate that the plaintiff’s claim is legally insufficient.” Harvard Crimson,
Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard Coll., 445 Mass. 745, 748 (2006). To survive a motion
to dismiss, a complaint must set forth the basis for the plaintiff’s entitlement to relief with “more
than labels and conclusions.” Iannacchino v. Ford Motor Co., 451 Mass. 623, 636, quoting Bell
Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). At the pleading stage, Mass. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6) requires that the complaint set forth “factual ‘allegations plausibly suggesting (not
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merely consistent with)’ an entitlement to relief . . . .” Id., quoting Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at
557. The court must, however, accept as true the allegations of the complaint and draw every
reasonable inference in favor of the plaintiff. Curtis v. Herb Chambers I-95, Inc., 458 Mass. 674,
676 (2011). In the case at bar, the facts regarding the 2016 election of trustees and the authentic
documents that provide for the governance of the trusts are not disputed.
“The directors of a corporation stand in fiduciary relationship to the corporation. They
owe to the corporation both a duty of care and . . . a paramount duty of loyalty.” Demoulas v.
Demoulas Super Markets, Inc., 424 Mass. 501, 528 (1997)(citation omitted). Massachusetts
business trusts, like KMM and KST, may operate in a similar fashion to a corporation so that
they are considered as a corporation for purposes of analyzing applicable law. Brigade Leveraged
Capital Structures Fund Ltd. v. PIMCO Income Strategy Fund, 466 Mass. 368, 369 n. 4 (2013).
That principle appears to be accepted by both sides of this dispute. As with a corporation, the
declaration of trust (articles of organization) and by-laws of a Massachusetts business trust are a
contract between the shareholders and the corporation. Id. at 373.
Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
For purposes of analysis, I find it helpful to examine first Western’s claim (Count 2) that
defendants breached an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Such a claim must rest
upon an argument that defendants interfered with the shareholders’ reasonable expectations
under the governance documents that constituted the contract between the trusts and their
shareholders. Uno Restaurants, Inc. v. Boston Kenmore Realty Corporation, 441 Mass. 376, 385
(2004)(“the purpose of the covenant is to guarantee that the parties remain faithful to the
intended and agreed expectations of the parties in their performance”).
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Here, the facts alleged in the complaint establish that the application of the majority of
outstanding by-law is exactly what both Western and the trusts expected to occur in the 2016
election. The shareholders were informed by the proxy material that the majority of outstanding
vote would be the quantum of vote needed to elect a trustee. Knowing that, a shareholder could
elect whether to cast a vote for the Western nominees, or continue with the incumbent trustees by
either voting for them or not voting at all. Western cannot contend otherwise nor does it even
attempt to assert a claim of breach of contract. Instead, it relies on a claim of breach of the
implied covenant. There can be no claim of breach of the implied covenant when the
performance of the contract was in accordance with the unambiguous terms of the contract.
Chokel v. Genzyme Corp., 449 Mass. 272, 276 (2007) (the implied covenant is only as broad as
the contract itself). In fact, an interference with shareholders’ reasonable expectations would
have occurred if the board of trustees had not followed the unambiguous terms of the contract;
namely, the application of the majority of outstanding by-law combined with the “hold-over”
provisions in the declarations. Because the vote for election of trustees occurred in strict
compliance with the declarations and by-laws, the claim for breach of an implied covenant of
good faith and fair dealing fails. Brigade, 466 Mass. at 374 (when the words of a contract are
clear they must be construed in their usual and ordinary sense).3
Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Western’s breach of fiduciary duty claim (Count 1) raises the question of whether such a
3 In Brigade, the Court found that the terms of a business trust’s by-laws with respect to
when a vote of the shareholders must occur was ambiguous. As a result, the ambiguity was
resolved in favor of protecting the shareholders’ right to vote for trustees. Brigade, 466 Mass. at
379.
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claim may exist when the acts complained of by the trustees were in accordance with the contract
(the governance documents) existing between the trusts and Western.
A director of a corporation must act in good faith, with reasonable care and in a manner
the director reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation.4 G. L. c. 156D,
§ 8.30 (a). A director is not liable for any action taken as a director, or any failure to take any
action, if he performed his duties in compliance with that standard. Id. at § 8.30 (c). “The
business judgment rule still exists to protect a director against liability arising from secondguessing
by the courts.” Id. at Comment 1. Halebian v. Berv, 457 Mass. 620, 627 n.11
(2010)(“The business judgment rule protects directors and officers from liability for conduct they
have taken in good faith, with the care that a person in a like position would reasonably believe
appropriate in similar circumstances, and in a manner the director or officer reasonably believes
to be in the best interests of the corporation”). Under the business judgment rule, there is “a
presumption that in making a business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an
informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best
interests of the company.” MAZ Partners LP v. Shear, 2016 WL 4574640 *5 (U.S.D.C., D.
Mass. 2016)(quoting Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A. 2d 805, 812 (Del. 1984), overruled on other
grounds by Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A. 2d 244 (Del. 2000). The burden is on the party challenging
the decision to establish facts rebutting the presumption. Id. Finally, in this case, a challenge to
the exercise of business judgment of the trustees is also explicitly limited by the declarations: “A
4 Western asserts its claim for breach of fiduciary duty both as a direct claim and a claim
brought derivatively on behalf of the trusts. Whether there is a cognizable direct claim, and
whether Western has properly pleaded a derivative claim, are issues that I need not decide
because of my conclusion that the complaint fails to allege sufficient facts to state a claim.
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Trustee shall be liable only for his own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or
reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee, and for nothing
else, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law.” Declarations, Art.
VII, § 3.5
The “decision” Western complains of is the board’s application of the majority of
outstanding by-law to a contested election of trustees. There is no claim of dishonesty, selfdealing,
willful misfeasance, bad faith6 or gross negligence by any of the defendant trustees.
Western’s only allegation boils down to an assertion that the board should have ignored the terms
of the by-law, or should have changed the by-law by amendment, to allow election by plurality
when there is a contested election. To not do so, Western contends, was an act to entrench the
incumbent trustees.
Western does not allege that the majority of outstanding by-law is illegal, ultra vires, or,
on its face, a provision that interferes with a shareholder’s exercise of its franchise. The
5 Western asserts that defendants are not entitled to any presumption of regularity or
business judgment rule because the trustees were “interested” in preserving their seats on the
boards. This argument ignores the fact that only four seats were up for election in 2016, so that
the majority of the trustees were not so interested. Moreover, the Supreme Judicial Court adopted
the definition of “interested” from the Principles of Corporate Governance promulgated by the
American Law Institute. An “interested” director is one who is a party to a transaction with the
corporation or who has a material pecuniary interest in a corporate decision “other than usual and
customary directors’ fees and benefits.” Harhen v. Brown, 431 Mass. 838, 843 n. 5 (2000).
Western does not allege such a pecuniary interest.
6 Western uses the words “bad faith” in its complaint with respect to the decision by the
trustees to apply the majority of outstanding by-law. Use of the words, as a conclusion, is not
enough. Western much allege facts showing bad faith. The concept of bad faith “imports a
dishonest purpose or some moral obliquity. It implies conscious doing of wrong. It means a
breach of a known duty through some motive of interest or ill will. It partakes of the nature of
fraud.” Spiegel v. Beacon Participations, Inc., 297 Mass. 398, 416 (1937). Such facts are not
alleged.
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complaint does not seek a declaration that the by-law is invalid or that it be voided.7 Western
cites no legal authority to support a conclusion that a court should invalidate the by-law. Instead,
the only claim is that the trustees should not have applied the by-law in a contested election.
In these circumstances, it is entirely anomalous to suggest that a trustee acting in
accordance with the governing documents of the organization could be breaching a fiduciary
duty. Almost by definition, the trustee is acting in the best interests of the company when he
complies with the governing by-laws. At minimum, the presumption of regularity and the
exercise of business judgment on behalf of the company is enhanced when the act at issue is to
follow the by-laws. In the face of that strong presumption, Western fails to plead sufficient facts
to invite a court’s inquiry into the decision of the boards of trustees to adhere to the by-laws.
Western advances the case of Blasius Industries, Inc. v. Atlas Corporation, 564 A. 2d 651
(De. Ch. 1988) in support of an argument that, even if the trustees acted in good faith, the court
should allow the case to proceed and require the trustees to show a “compelling basis” for their
application of the majority of outstanding by-law. In Blasius, the court held that the deferential
business judgment rule does not apply to board action taken for the primary purpose of
interfering with a stockholder’s vote, even if taken advisedly and in good faith. Id. at 659.
I find that Blasius is inapposite to this case for a number of reasons. First, it represents
Delaware law that has not been adopted in Massachusetts. See Keros v. Massachusetts Mutual
Life Insurance Company, 958 F. Supp. 2d 306, 314 n. 6 (D. Mass. 2013)(“Blasius has not been
7Defendants argue that if Western had asserted a claim to declare the majority of
outstanding by-law void as a breach of fiduciary duty in adopting it, such a claim would be
barred by the applicable statute of limitations (three years). I do not reach this issue because
Western does not seek to attack the 2009 adoption of the by-law.
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adopted by any federal or state court in Massachusetts.”; challenge to board’s application of
voting rules dismissed). Second, the Blasius conclusion that a corporation’s board must
demonstrate a “compelling justification” for board-adopted measures that may frustrate a
shareholder vote was specifically rejected by the Delaware Supreme Court in City of Westland
Police & Fire Retirement System v. Axcelis Technologies, Inc., 1 A. 3d 281, 289 (Del.
2010)(rejecting the Blasius standard for review of board’s decision exercised in accordance with
governing policy). Third, Blasius involved an immediate challenge to a board acting to add new
seats to the board in an effort to interfere with a stockholder vote for board members. Blasius did
not involve the application of an existing by-law to the quantum of vote required to elect a board
member.
In sum, Western’s claim of breach of fiduciary duty is unsupported by the facts in the
complaint. The claim must be dismissed.
Unconscionable as Applied
Count 3 of Western’s complaint alleges that the majority of outstanding by-law is
unconscionable as applied to a contested election. This claim fails for the same reasons that the
claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing fails. The majority of
outstanding by-law is part of the contract between the trusts and the shareholders. The test for
whether a contract provision is unconscionable “is to be made at the time the contract was
made.” Zapatha v. Dairy Mart, Inc., 381 Mass. 284, 291 (1980). Western did not then and does
not now claim that the by-law is unconscionable on its face. A claim of “unconscionable as
applied” simply does not lie. Moreover, unconscionability is considered when a contract
provision imposes “oppression and unfair surprise” on a party. Waters v. Min Ltd. 412 Mass. 64,
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68 (1992). Western cannot allege unfair surprise concerning whether the majority of outstanding
by-law would be applied to the 2016 election. This count fails to state a claim.8
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint is
ALLOWED.
By the Court
Edward P. Leibensperger
Justice of the Superior Court
Date: February 3, 2017
8 Count 4 of the Complaint is labeled “violation of the 40 act and Declaration of Trust on
Behalf of the Funds.” The allegations are a re-hash of the allegations made in the other counts. In
its opposition to the motion to dismiss, Western fails to even address this count. Thus, the count
shall be dismissed.
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